The skew in copper options has historically been a decent contrary indicator of future movements in the spot price of copper. If one creates a diffusion index for copper options skew, where a reading of zero implies that copper options’ implied volatility is the most negatively skewed it has been for the past two years, and a reading of 100 implies that it’s the most positively skewed that it has been for the past two years, and compares it to the subsequent three-month return of the futures contract, one finds an inverse relationship (Figure 4). In this case, the extreme positive skew in May foreshadowed a coming correction.

Forthcoming policy initiatives in the U.S. may have contributed to copper’s decline, given the possibility of less investment in the energy transition and a potential end to the $7,500 tax credit for buying electric vehicles. That said, demand remains robust elsewhere. In China, for example, EV sales rose to 50% of new car sales in 2024 from 35% in 2023. Moreover, copper supply remains heavily constrained, having grown at a pace of about 1% per year over the last decade (Figure 5). 

The energy transition influence on copper prices is most obvious when comparing copper prices to two drivers that previously dominated copper price movements. The first is crude oil. Due to the energy-intensive nature of copper mining, copper prices generally up until 2022 moved in tandem with crude oil. In November 2022, on the heels of the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act, that relationship changed. The combination of $1 trillion of investment in U.S. infrastructure, including money set aside for bolstering the electric grid and $60 billion for electric vehicle recharging stations, and increased demand for EVs in China, sent copper prices soaring relative to crude oil (Figure 6). 

At the same time, copper prices also decoupled from Chinese growth, which, until 2021, typically followed with a lag of roughly one year (Figures 7). Since 2021, the Chinese economy has slowed dramatically as housing prices and construction both declined, impairing the finances of Chinese households, banks and local governments. The Chinese economy does have bright spots, however, and these include investments in factories and especially in EVs and recharging stations. 

While copper prices have diverged from those of crude oil and the pace of growth in China, up until about six months ago, they adhered closely to the performance of the U.S. equity market, rising more or less in tandem with the S&P 500. Since copper prices peaked in May, however, the S&P 500 has outperformed copper significantly (Figure 8). Both copper and equities act as indicators of the health of the economy, but they measure different aspects of economic growth. Copper is a barometer of the health of global industry, whereas equity markets, at least in theory, are more concerned with the discounted value of future earnings.

Curiously, equity options are much cheaper than copper options at the moment. Despite geopolitical conflicts, new economic policies under the incoming U.S. Administration and relatively tight monetary policy around the world, equity options are selling just about as inexpensively as they ever have (Figure 9). Moreover, the U.S. equity market now accounts for 74% of the market cap of all developed equity markets around the world and is trading at its highest percentage share of GDP in history (Figure 10). If the U.S. equity market continues to go higher, it could support copper prices. By contrast, were the U.S. equity market to correct, it could put downward pressure on the value of the red metal.

Finally, there is the state of the global housing market. Outside of China, which has a surplus of residential real estate, most other countries, from Australia and Canada to France, the U.K. and U.S., have a housing shortage. As public policies in these nations turn toward building new homes, that could also boost copper demand.

Amid its changing relationship with crude oil, the Chinese economy, equity markets and the housing sector, copper will remain in the crosscurrents of many different market forces in 2025 amid continued slow growth in supply. This could make the copper options market especially interesting next year, especially with the advent of weekly options, which offer traders a more precise way to time their risk management and risk allocation than was available previously.